From smog to stroke: How does air quality affect cardiovascular health?

Cardiovascular health is vital for overall well-being, as the heart and blood vessels play a vital role in sustaining life by delivering oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. However, this delicate system is increasingly under threat from environmental factors, with pollution emerging as a major concern. Among all the risks, air pollution stands out for its widespread impact, silently compromising heart health by triggering inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular damage.

While the effects of air pollution on respiratory health are well-known, the connection between air quality and cardiovascular health is equally significant but often overlooked. Emerging research highlights how exposure to polluted air can directly contribute to heart-related issues, including strokes, heart attacks, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

The Hidden Danger in the Air

Air pollution is a complex mixture of harmful particles and gases, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, and carbon monoxide. Among these, PM2.5—particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers—poses the greatest threat to cardiovascular health. These microscopic particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, enter the bloodstream, and trigger systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction.

Atherosclerosis, a condition where arteries become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup, is linked to long-term exposure to polluted air. This can lead to life-threatening events such as heart attacks and strokes. Short-term exposure, on the other hand, can exacerbate existing conditions, leading to an increased risk of arrhythmias, hypertension, and other acute cardiac events.

Stroke and Air Pollution

Studies have shown that high levels of air pollution can increase the risk of ischemic strokes caused by blocked arteries, as well as hemorrhagic strokes caused by ruptured blood vessels. The elderly, individuals with pre-existing health conditions, and those living in urban areas with heavy traffic and industrial emissions are particularly vulnerable.

Which age group is at risk?

Certain groups are more susceptible to the cardiovascular impacts of air pollution such as elderly citizens, children, people with pre-existing conditions, and urban residents. Age-related decline in cardiovascular function makes seniors more vulnerable, while prolonged exposure to polluted air can have long-term impacts on children. Those with hypertension, diabetes, or other heart-related diseases face heightened risks in addition individuals who reside in cities with high traffic congestion and industrial activities are at greater risk of exposure to harmful pollutants as well.

What are the Preventative Measures?

While tackling air pollution requires systemic change, individuals can take steps to reduce their exposure and safeguard their cardiovascular health:

• Using air quality apps to stay informed and limit outdoor activities on days with high pollution levels can be beneficial.
• Air purifiers can reduce indoor air pollution significantly.
• A balanced diet rich in antioxidants, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking can boost cardiovascular resilience.

Conclusion

The connection between air quality and cardiovascular health emphasizes the critical need for unified efforts to address air pollution. Improving air quality not only enhances overall public health but also significantly reduces the risk of preventable cardiovascular diseases. By prioritizing cleaner air, we can promote healthier lives, stronger hearts, and a more resilient global population.

Authored by Dr. Brajmohan Singh, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeon, HCG Hospitals, Bhavnagar