The Hidden World of Microbiomes: Unlocking their role in Reproductive Health

The human body is home to trillions of micro-organisms, collectively known as the microbiome. From immunity and digestion to mental health and, unexpectedly, reproductive health, these microscopic residents significantly impact our general well-being.

What are Microbiomes

Microbiomes significantly impact human health and illness in various domains, including immune system function, gastrointestinal issues, and mental and metabolic diseases. For example, the gut microbiome contains more than 1,000 distinct bacterial species that preserves a delicate balance of systemic health.

Role of Microbiomes in Reproductive Health

Studies suggest that the reproductive microbiome may be influential in general and reproductive health, fertility and pregnancy outcomes.

• Fertility:The gut microbiome produces metabolites that help regulate hormones, including oestrogen and progesterone, which are essential for fertility.
• Pregnancy:The vaginal microbiome helps maintain a healthy pregnancy by preventing infections and promoting a balanced immune response.
• Menstrual Health:The gut microbiome influences menstrual regularity and overall health.
• Sexual Health:The genital microbiome plays a role in preventing sexually transmitted infections and maintaining healthy sexual function.

Dysbiosis and Reproductive Health

Dysbiosis, or an imbalance of the microbiome has been linked to various reproductive health issues, including:

Infertility: Alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with infertility in both men and women.

Miscarriage: Dysbiosis in the vaginal microbiome may contribute to an increased risk of miscarriage. The vaginal microbiome of healthy women is dominated by Lactobacillus. A variety of illnesses, such as vaginosis, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), failed implantation, premature birth (PTB), and preterm pre-labour membrane rupture, are brought on by an unbalanced microbiota.

Preterm Labor: An imbalance of the vaginal microbiome has been linked to preterm labour and birth.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Dysbiosis in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of PCOS.

How to maintain a healthy microbiome for reproductive health

Maintaining a balanced microbiome can significantly contribute to improve conception chances, both naturally and through assisted reproductive techniques. Here are some practical tips:

• Fermented foods and a high-fiber diet:Consuming high fibre food promotes the development of good bacteria in the digestive tract. Also, fermented foods also include natural probiotics that contribute to the diversity of the microbiome.
• Avoid Excessive Antibiotic Use: While sometimes necessary, antibiotics can harm healthy   bacteria. If you’ve had to use them, consult a professional on how to restore your microbiome.
• Probiotics and Prebiotics:Prebiotics, or dietary fibres, support the live bacteria that aid in re-establishing the equilibrium of the microbiome. Find out from your expert which supplements are best for you.
• Good Hygiene and Natural Products: For the vaginal microbiome, avoiding harsh products and choosing natural hygiene options helps maintain healthy bacterial balance.
• Reduce Stress: Chronic stress affects the microbiome in both the gut and reproductive systems. Practices like yoga, meditation, or simply walking outdoors can improve overall health and fertility.
• Moderate Exercise: Regular physical activity at moderate levels benefits both the gut microbiome and overall reproductive health.

A microbiome is fundamental to reproductive health for both men and women. By understanding the complex relationships between microorganisms and reproductive health we can take steps to promote a healthy microbiome and support overall reproductive wellbeing. Maintaining this ecosystem’s balance helps to regulate hormone levels, reduce inflammation and create a favourable environment for fertilization and implantation. If you are looking to improve your fertility, caring for your microbiome can be a key strategy.

(Dr. Sabia Mangat, Consultant – Gynaecologist, Reproductive Medicine and IVF, Milann Fertility Center, Chandigarh)