Sarcomas, cancer of connective tissue, grow silently without symptoms, pose challenge in early diagnosis

BENGALURU / July 16, 2024: Sarcoma, a rare and complex form of cancer that arises from connective tissues such as bone, muscle and fat, poses significant challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This type of cancer is very rare and represents only 1% of adult cancers. Sarcoma is of many different types and can grow silently without causing any symptoms. The symptoms, even if they appear, are vague and non-specific. All these factors result in late diagnosis of Sarcoma, by which time the cancer has already spread, with poor patient outcomes. This was said by doctors of Sammprada Multispecialty Hospital, Bengaluru, during the ongoing Sarcoma Awareness Month.

Said Dr. Radheshyam Naik, Consultant Medical Oncologist, Hematologist, and Bone Marrow Transplant Physician, Sammprada Hospital, Bengaluru: “Sarcoma’s rarity and ability to grow silently without symptoms often result in diagnosis at a later stage. Vague symptoms like swelling, pain, weight loss, tiredness, and loss of appetite poses a challenge for doctors in identifying the disease early. As sarcomas are different from the more common carcinomas—cancers originating from epithelial cells—they require specialized diagnostic approaches and heightened awareness.”

Sarcomas begin from genetic mutations in mesenchymal cells and progress by growing from one location to potentially affecting the entire body. Unlike carcinomas, which commonly spread to lymph nodes, sarcomas primarily spread to the lungs or liver. Sarcomas are also notably less common compared to carcinomas, which are more prevalent among the elderly. Certain types of sarcoma such as osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma are more common in children and adolescents. Sarcomas such as liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma are more commonly diagnosed in adults.

Added Dr. Radheshyam Naik: “The exact cause of sarcoma remains unknown. However, certain risk factors have been identified, including previous radiation exposure and genetic predispositions. Environmental chemicals and industrial exposure may also contribute to sarcoma risk. Sarcomas typically appear as rounded, smooth structures. Early signs include swelling and pain, which may be accompanied by general symptoms like weight loss and loss of appetite.”

According to the doctor, the prognosis for sarcoma patients depends on various factors such as the stage of cancer at diagnosis and overall health of the patient. “Sarcomas are diverse cancers. The prognosis depends on the type of sarcoma and the stage of sarcoma. Almost all late sarcomas are difficult to treat, though some late sarcomas can be cured, especially in children. Survival is good in early sarcomas and in child patients. In adults, early sarcomas can be surgically removed and cured. Late sarcomas can be treated but cures are usually not possible. Quality of life of patients is much higher now with better treatment available,” he added.

Early diagnosis remains crucial for improving outcomes in sarcoma cases, according to Dr. Radheshyam Naik. High index of suspicion should be maintained by the doctors for this to happen. Treatment in specialist centres by sarcoma specialists is also required. Improved surgical care, multidisciplinary approach, Genomics and supportive care can further enhance patient outcomes.

Currently, there are no established preventive measures for sarcoma. However, reducing exposure to known risk factors, such as chemicals, radiation, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption, while maintaining a healthy lifestyle, may help mitigate some risk. Genetic testing and counseling can also offer valuable insights for those at higher risk, the doctor said.